The 2005 Urban Mobility Study released in early May by the Texas Transportation Institute shows that the annual delay per peak traveler in 2003 was 47 hours. In 1993, the annual delay was 40 hours. In 1982 the annual delay was 16 hours. Researchers say the 2005 study shows that the current pace of transportation improvement is not sufficient to keep pace with even a slow growth in travel demands in most major urban areas. Annual delay per peak traveler (hours) 1982: 16, 1993: 40, 2002: 47, 2003: 47 Number of urban areas with more than 20 hours of delay per peak traveler 1982: 5, 1993: 37, 2002: 50, 2003: 51 Annual Delay per Traveler, Urban Area, Hours, 2003: Very Large Average 61 (13 areas) Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 93 San Francisco-Oakland, CA 72 Washington, DC-VA-MD 69 Atlanta, GA 67 Houston, TX 63 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 60 Chicago, IL-IN 58 Detroit, MI 57 Miami, FL 51 Boston, MA-NH-RI 51 New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT 49 Phoenix, AZ 49 Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD 38 Large Average 37 (26 areas) Riverside-San Bernardino, CA 55 Orlando, FL 55 San Jose, CA 53 San Diego, CA 52 Denver-Aurora, CO 51 Baltimore, MD 50 Seattle, WA 46 Tampa-St. Petersburg, FL 46 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN 43 Sacramento, CA 40 Portland, OR-WA 39 Indianapolis, IN 38 St. Louis, MO-IL 35 San Antonio, TX 33 Providence, RI-MA 33 Las Vegas, NV 30 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 30 Columbus, OH 29 Virginia Beach, VA 26 Milwaukee, WI 23 New Orleans, LA 18 Kansas City, MO-KS 17 Pittsburgh, PA 14 Buffalo, NY 13 Oklahoma City, OK 12 Cleveland, OH 10 Medium Average 25 (30 areas) Austin, TX 51 Charlotte, NC-SC 43 Louisville, KY-IN 42 Nashville-Davidson, TN 37 Tucson, AZ 36 Jacksonville, FL 34 Oxnard-Ventura, CA 33 Memphis TN-MS-AR 33 Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY 32 Salt Lake City, UT 31 Albuquerque, NM 30 Raleigh-Durham, NC 27 Birmingham AL 27 Omaha NE-IA 23 Honolulu, HI 20 New Haven, CT 20 Sarasota-Bradenton, FL 19 Grand Rapids, MI 19 El Paso, TX-NM 18 Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ 17 Richmond, VA 17 Hartford, CT 16 Fresno, CA 13 Albany-Schenectady, NY 13 Toledo, OH-MI 12 Tulsa, OK 12 Akron, OH 12 Dayton, OH 11 Rochester, NY 7 Springfield, MA-CT 7 Small Average 13 (16 areas) Colorado Springs, CO 27 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 25 Pensacola, FL-AL 18 Cape Coral, FL 15 Salem, OR 15 Beaumont, TX 14 Spokane, WA 10 Little Rock, AR 10 Eugene, OR 9 Boulder, CO 9 Columbia, SC 9 Laredo, TX 8 Bakersfield, CA 7 Corpus Christi, TX 7 Anchorage, AK 5 Brownsville, TX 4 Very Large Urban Areas—over 3 million population. Large Urban Areas—over 1 million and less than 3 million population. Medium Urban Areas—over 500,000 and less than 1 million population. Small Urban Areas—less than 500,000 population. Annual Delay per Traveler – Extra travel time for peak period travel during the year divided by the number of travelers who begin a trip during the peak period (6 to 9 a.m. and 4 to 7 p.m.). Free-flow speeds (60 mph on freeways and 35 mph on principal arterials) are used as the comparison threshold.